• Lesion-centric brain injury research emphasized surgical removals (frontal lobes, hemispheres) and precise localization of damage, revealing robust links between extent of resection and subsequent cognitive/behavioral outcomes [6], [8], [10], [18], [19].

• Neurophysiological and imaging approaches emerged as core tools for brain injury, using electroencephalography (EEG) and neuroradiology to map acute injury, while cerebral blood flow measurements refined physiological understanding [4], [11], [13], [16], [17].

• Clinical characterization and rehabilitation strategies emerged for postconcussive syndromes and trauma-related neuropsychiatric conditions, stressing diagnosis, neuropsychological rehabilitation, and functional support after head injury [1], [2], [3], [4].

• Neuropathology and neuroradiology of intracranial lesions and tumors guided surgical planning and prognosis, linking vascular or tumor pathology to brain injury risk and treatment outcomes [5], [7], [13], [19].

• Frontal lobe function and its relation to trauma-induced cognitive and behavioral changes were central to early neuroscience, highlighting how frontal lesions modulate executive function and behavior [6], [8], [14], [18].